Fluid Station1.1 LAB
Fluid Systems in Health Fields

Understanding Blood Pressure

PRESENTATION AND PRACTICE

In this lab you will learn how to take blood pressure and report your findings as a fraction. You will also learn how to take several readings and record them on a graph so that you can compare your findings to what other people recorded.

When you come across a term that is difficult to say, go to one of the two pronunciation sites below.

CLICK HERE to practice saying terms in English at http://www.howjsay.com/.
CLICK HERE to practice saying terms in English at http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/pronunciations.

$Blood pressure fraction$

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This fraction statement is read as "118 over 76 millimeters of mercury"

Millimeters of mercury is a measure of blood pressure. It is stated in metric units instead of the U.S. Household units. It refers to the height to which the pressure in the blood vessels pushes a column of mercury.

NOTE: In the math section of this station, you will practice measuring with the metric system.

How to read the measurement on a blood-pressure gauge

What is pressure? Pressure is a physical force placed on or against an object by something in contact with it. The circulatory system is the system in the body that circulates blood through arteries and veins, putting pressure on them as it moves.

Blood pressure, then, is the amount of pressure that is placed by the blood within the circulatory system. The heart is the organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system.

Below is an image of a human heart. Examine the different parts in the heart.

See page for author [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons

When you measure someone’s blood pressure, you will see two numbers shown on the gauge you use, as follows:

Systolic: The systolic reading is the pressure on the walls of the arteries as blood is pumped through the body. The top number of blood pressure, which is also the higher of the two numbers, is the measurement of the pressure in the arterieswhen the heart is working (contracting). When the heart contracts, it pushes the blood from the left ventricle of the heart.

Diastolic: The bottom number on the fraction, which is also the lower number of the two. This is a measurement of the pressure in the arteries when the heart muscle is resting between beats and refilling with blood.

Video cam Check out this video! It explains how the heart pumps blood

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA0Wb3gc4mE

The following video shows you the differences between systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings.

Blood Pressure Measurements

To prevent the chance of developing any of the diseases we discussed in the introduction, it is important to monitor your blood pressure and make sure that is stays inside the healthy range for an adult. The American Heart Association classifies blood pressure in one of six (6) categories:

Category	Systolic in mmHg (top number)		Diastolic in mmHg (bottom number)
Low (Hypotension)	Less than 90	or	Less than 60
Normal	90 – 119	and	60 – 79
Pre-hypertension	120 – 139	or	80 – 89
Hypertension Stage 1	140 – 159	or	90 – 99
Hypertension Stage 2	160 or more	or	100 or more
Hypertensive Crisis (Emergency care needed)	More than 180	or	More than 110

Keep in mind that one high blood pressure reading does not necessarily mean someone has hypertension. Physicians usually advise their patients to check their blood pressure over a period of several weeks, to see if the hypertension is chronic.

Jot down how you would express the measurements above in fractions. For example, one expression of a normal blood pressure could be 90/65. Discuss your answers.

Equipment for Taking Blood Pressure

To take a manual blood pressure (without a machine), you need a stethoscope (STETH-o-scope) and a sphygmomanometer (SFIG-mom-man-AW-met-ur), which most people simply call a blood pressure cuff. The parts of a stethoscope and blood pressure cuff are shown below. (Go to the pronunciation sites linked above to hear terms pronounced.)

Blood Pressure Cuff

Steps for Taking Blood Pressure simulation arm

1. Let’s practice by taking your very first blood pressure on your coach. Wash your hands. Wipe the diaphragm and earpieces of the stethoscope with alcohol swabs.

2. Place the blood pressure cuff on the upper arm, approximately one inch above the bend in the elbow.

3. The artery marking on the cuff should point slightly to the inside of the arm. This is the brachial artery.

Palpating the brachial artery

4. Open the valve turning counter clockwise (left) on the bulb and make sure the blood pressure cuff is fully deflated and the cuff and stethoscope are in good working condition.

5. Place the stethoscope earpieces in your ears with them facing slightly forward. It is important that the earpieces fit in your ears snugly.

6. Find the radial (RAY-dee-uhl) pulse: slide two fingers down from the thumb and lightly palpate the pulse (feel with your fingers).

Palpating the radial artery

7. Close the valve on the bulb (turning clockwise, or to the right). Do not over-tighten.

8. Inflate the cuff while palpating the pulse.

9. Observe the number on the gauge when you no longer feel the pulse.

10. Inflate the cuff 30 more millimeters of mercury. For example, if you stop feeling the pulse at 120, inflate the cuff to 150.

11. Place the diaphragm of the stethoscope over the brachial artery

12. Open the valve slightly with the thumb and index finger and deflate the cuff slowly.

13. Watch the gauge as you listen for the sound of the pulse. Remember the reading on the first beat you hear the pulse. This is the systolic pressure.

14. As the cuff deflates, continue listening for a change or muffled pulse sound. When the sound changes or disappears, you have the diastolic pressure. Remember that number.

15. Open the valve and deflate the cuff completely.

16. Wash your hands. Wipe the diaphragm and earpieces of the stethoscope with alcohol swabs.

17. Record the blood pressure like a fraction with the systolic pressure on top and the diastolic pressure on bottom. (example: 130/60)

Now Practice

Use these same steps to take the blood pressure of three (3) more people, and record the readings on your answer sheet.

Your coach will also take the blood pressure of the three people you choose, to see how close you were. Be aware that a person's blood pressure can change from one person to another, but you should be in the "ball park."

Graphing

Note: Please work with your coach on this project.

You can make a visual image of all of the blood pressures you’ve measured by creating a type of graph called a scatterplot. Follow the instructions below to create your graph using the graphing sheet provided.

You will make four data points (or dots on the graph) total, one for your coach’s blood pressure, and one for each of the other three people you tested. One data point uses the numbers you found for systolic and diastolic pressure.

Choose one color of marker to represent your coach. To create the data point, use the horizontal (left and right) axis to find your diastolic pressure (the bottom number) in mmHg. Find the number along that line. Each line on this axis is equal to 1 mmHg. Do not draw the dot yet.
Starting from your number along the horizontal axis, move up on the vertical (up and down) axis to find the line that has the number for systolic pressure (the top number) in mmHg. Each line on this axis is also equal to 1 mmHg.
Once you have found the spot in the graph where your two numbers meet (or intersect), draw your dot. Draw another dot with the same marker inside the “Legend” box. In pencil, write “coach” next to that dot. Now you know that color represents your coach’s blood pressure on the graph.
Repeat steps 2 through 4 using the numbers for the first other person that you chose to take a blood pressure for, using a different colored marker.
Repeat steps 2 through 4 again for the second person that you chose to take a blood pressure for, using a different colored marker.
Finally, repeat steps 2 through 4 one more time using the numbers for the last person that you chose to take a blood pressure for, using a different colored marker.

APPLICATION QUESTIONS – Write down your answers on your answer sheet.

Were any of the blood pressure readings that you took outside of the normal blood pressure range for an adult? If so, what was the reading? What American Heart Association category did this fit into?
What does the systolic pressure measure? What does the diastolic pressure measure?
Name two diseases or injuries that that can result from hypertension (high blood pressure).

Evaluation

Your lab performance will be evaluated by the criteria (standards) you will find in this project's rubric. A rubric is simply a table that states how you will be evaluated. Click here to open the rubric for this project. Your coach will use this table to report your performance.

CLICK HERE TO GO TO THE RUBRIC

Lab Review

Blood pressure is the measurement of the pressure of the blood against the walls of the blood vessels.
Blood pressure varies in relation to activity, stress, diet (fluid and salt intake) and disease processes.
Blood pressure is recorded in fractions and/or in a graph.
Monitoring blood pressure on a graph gives a visual look at how it is fluctuating. One of the most common reasons for high blood pressure is fluid overload.
Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to many physical problems and even death.

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Links to Station 1.1 Modules

Lab Intro | Lab Presentation and Practice | Communications Intro| Communications Presentation and Practice| Math

STEMPrep Student Site

Fluid Station1.1 LAB Fluid Systems in Health Fields